This 'Conversation of the World' of Professor Boaventura de Sousa Santos (Professor of Sociology at the University of Coimbra, Portugal) with Professor Dhirubhai Lal Sheth (Honorary Senior Fellow at the Center for the Study of Developing Societies, Delhi, India) was held at Aalloa Hills, around 45 km from the city of Ahmedabad (Gujarat) in India, on the 9th of February, 2014. The 'Conversation' focusses around: (1) re-inventing a new social theory based on social and political innovations coming from India; (2) Indian Democracy marked by primarily economic, and social and cultural divides; (3) Religion and Caste characterizing a re-definition of the idea of 'nation-state'; and (4) the increasing need for the sustenance of, and a wider role in policy-making of, alternative economies featuring predominantly the role of agricultural farmers and adivasis (tribes) in India.